Patellar Luxation in Small Breed Dogs

Patellar Luxation is one of the most common knee joint problems found in small breed dogs, especially toy breeds such as Pomeranians, Yorkshire Terriers, Chihuahuas, Toy Poodles, and Maltese.
It usually results from inherited skeletal abnormalities.

Common Symptoms
Owners often notice:
- Limping or an abnormal gait
- Holding up the hind leg and walking on three legs
- The kneecap slipping out and returning on its own (in some cases)
- Pain or discomfort when running, jumping, or when the knee is touched
- Avoidance of jumping or reluctance to use the hind legs

If left undiagnosed or untreated, patellar luxation can lead to chronic pain and arthritis, which can severely affect a dog’s quality of life.

Causes of Patellar Luxation in Small Breed Dogs
Genetics – The patella may slip out of its normal groove due to a shallow femoral groove or weakened ligaments.
Abnormal bone development – Misalignment of the muscles and bones causes the kneecap to be pulled sideways.
Trauma or injury – Such as jumping from heights or slipping accidents.

Diagnosis
- Veterinary physical examination
- Grading severity (Grade I – IV)
- X-rays to assess bone structure and patellar alignment
- In some cases, CT scan or ultrasound may be recommended

Treatment Options
Mild Cases (Grade I–II) :
- Weight management
- Adjusting physical activity to reduce stress on the knee
- Physiotherapy such as underwater treadmill walking
Severe Cases (Grade III–IV) :
- Surgical correction
- Deepening the patellar groove
- Realignment of tendon attachment to keep the patella in place

Care and Prevention
Weight control – Prevent obesity to reduce stress on the knee joint
Controlled exercise – Low-impact activities such as swimming or hydrotherapy to strengthen muscles
Avoid jumping from heights – Use ramps or stairs to get on/off furniture
Regular knee check-ups – Especially for high-risk breeds
Avoid breeding affected dogs – To reduce hereditary transmission

Breeds Commonly Affected
- Pomeranian
- Yorkshire Terrier
- Chihuahua
- Toy Poodle
- Maltese
- Pekingese
- Boston Terrier
- Jack Russell Terrier
- Staffordshire Bull Terrier

Patellar Luxation is a condition that small breed dog owners should take seriously. If your dog shows signs of abnormal gait, intermittent lameness, or lifting its hind leg while walking, consult a veterinarian for proper diagnosis and treatment. Early management is crucial to prevent long-term complications such as arthritis or permanent mobility loss.